Posted by NYPIRG on December 9, 2019 at 8:31 am
Reports out of New York’s Capitol paint a worsening picture of the state’s finances. It’s been reported that the state is facing an upcoming budget deficit in excess of $6 billion. Half of the deficit is attributed to costs relating to the state Medicaid program – the health insurance coverage for the poor and disabled.
The Assembly Speaker has raised
the idea of closing the deficit by raising revenues instead of cutting public
programs. Although more muted, the
response from the governor’s office has been cool to the idea of raising taxes.
If history is any guide,
lawmakers will be reluctant to enact cuts to popular programs in an election
year. The biggest parts of the state
budget – K-12 education and health care – are fiercely protected by interest
groups looking to maintain funding.
The governor’s office has
instructed agencies to prepare their budgets with no expectation of increased
state support beyond – perhaps – offsetting inflation. Altogether it looks like the debate over how to
close the budget deficit will dominate the 2020 legislative session that begins
in early January.
And looking back over the
record of past budget fights, the programs most likely to face the biggest funding
cuts are those that do not have politically powerful institutional
supports. These are the programs that
are designed to benefit smaller groups of individuals, usually without the
capacity to make campaign contributions or hire hotwired lobbyists to represent
them.
One such program is the
state’s efforts to aid needy college students.
The state offers an impressive Tuition Assistance Program, which offsets
a billion dollars in tuition costs for students in both the public and
independent college sectors.
But for students and their families, college costs go beyond
tuition alone: there are textbook costs, housing, transportation, food,
etc. In an effort to offset these costs
and to provide other assistance to students in need, the state offers “opportunity
programs.” Opportunity programs are
designed for educationally and economically disadvantaged students—in general,
students who have come from low-income communities and often rank low on
traditional measures of collegiate admissions standards, such SAT scores, high
school GPA, and class standing.
New York State has several opportunity programs in place to help students at
both public and independent colleges and universities overcome the financial
and academic obstacles of completing their education: Search for Education,
Elevation and Knowledge (SEEK), Educational
Opportunity Program (EOP), Higher Education Opportunity Program (HEOP),
College Discovery (CD), and Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP). These programs take a comprehensive approach
to college access and affordability by building in academic counseling,
mentoring, and often providing waivers for related costs such as transit,
textbooks, and childcare.
These programs have had a long track record of success. For example, the State University of New York’s
EOP provides access, academic support, and supplemental financial assistance to
students from disadvantaged backgrounds, many of them the first in their
families to attend college.
According to SUNY, graduation and retention rates of Educational
Opportunity Program (EOP) students compare favorably to that of the general
student population at comparable schools. First year retention, where a student
re-enrolls for a second year, for SUNY four-year senior college EOP students is
91% percent, whereas first year retention rates for the general student body at
SUNY senior colleges is approximately 84%.
The six-year graduation rate for EOP students is 73%, whereas the SUNY-wide
senior college rate is 68%.
Helping college students succeed is in the state’s interest. Investment in education pays off: For every $1 spent on education, the economy
reaps $8 in benefits. And
college-educated workers earn more than their high-school educated peers by an
average of $17,500 per year.
So, what’s the
problem? Despite their track record of
success, these programs benefit a relatively small number of students and those
individuals and their families lack political clout. Usually, the governor cuts funding for these
programs and the Legislature then restores them to the previous year’s
levels. But status-quo restorations
often mean that additional needy students cannot obtain benefits and the impact
of inflation erodes the funding levels even for those who do obtain help.
With New York facing a
budget deficit, state officials will be looking for cuts in programs that do
not result in a widespread public uproar.
Let’s hope that this year the governor examines the success of these
programs and decides that despite the pressures, he’ll keep the state investing
in its future and help those college students who need the most help.
Posted by NYPIRG on December 2, 2019 at 8:53 am
New York looks like it will have some form of a voluntary system for publicly financing state government elections. Unfortunately, far too much of the program is unnecessarily complicated and untested. In addition, while the commission lowers New York State’s ridiculously high campaign contribution limits, it still allows donations far in excess of those allowed for runs for federal office, including the President. Lastly, the commission has advanced new schemes to make it harder for minor political parties to operate.
Before getting into the details, let’s recap how we got here. The commission was originally established as
part of the state budget deal that came together in late March. The law required the commission to finish its
work by December 1st, just eight months later. At that time, Governor Cuomo promised that
the commission’s work would result in a program that was a model for the
nation.
However, when it came to setting up the commission, the
governor and the state legislative leaders dragged their feet. The governor and the Legislature finally
appointed commissioners in early July, allowing three months to be frittered
away. When the appointments were made,
the governor inserted the head of the state Democratic Party into the
commission, an unusual move that put the head of one political party involved
in developing the campaign rules for all other parties – an obvious conflict of
interest.
With only three months to go, the commission held its first
meeting. At that meeting, the head of
the Democratic Party pushed hard for the commission to change the rules for how
minor political parties operated instead of conducting a focused public debate
on creating a system of public financing of campaigns for state elective
office.
At a series of public forums, experts, academics and
advocates testified that the commission should focus its efforts on adapting the
well regarded New York City public financing system for all state races. The City’s program has existed for over three
decades and is widely viewed as a model for the nation.
But the commission ignored that advice and instead advanced
an untested, complicated program that is dramatically different from the road-tested
City system.
It seemed like the governor, the legislative leaders, and at
least some of the commission, were hell-bent on undermining their own work.
So what did they come up with?
The commission established a system of public financing, but
different from what advocates recommended.
The New York City system allows contributions up to $250 to be matched
by public funding at a ratio of $8 to $1.
So a $100 donation, for example, turns into a $900 contribution.
Instead, the commission approved a plan that has a complicated
sliding scale matching system. For
contributions up to $50, there will be a $12 to $1 match; for the next $100 a
$9 to $1 match; and for the next $100, an $8 to $1 match. Matches are only allowed for contributions up
to $250 from donors living in the district.
Could be a good idea, but untested and extremely complex to administer
and enforce.
The commission lowers campaign contribution limits a lot,
but they are still high. For example,
under current law, a donor can make a contribution to governor of up to
$69,700, a shockingly high number. Under
the commission plan, that number drops to $18,000. But the national average for gubernatorial
candidates is up to $7,000 and no one can contribute more than $6,000 for
candidates for President. New York City
limits contributions for Mayor to no more than $2,000 for candidates running in
the public financing program. $18,000
campaign contributions for statewide office are still way too high.
Under the commission’s plan the New York State Board of
Elections will administer the program, although with some tweaks. The State Board of Elections is a political
creature – run by the two major political parties – and has been viewed as
ineffective.
And, the commission added one more unnecessary measure by
advancing new obstacles for minor political parties to effectively participate
in New York elections.
Instead of building on a successful New York City program,
the commission instead offers an untested and incredibly complicated public
financing scheme, allows high campaign contribution limits, continues to rely
on a politically-driven entity for administration and enforcement, and establishes
new obstacles to minor party participation.
It’s clear that the commission failed to do its job.
Under the law, the governor and state lawmakers have until
December 22nd to fix the commission’s work. They must fix it so that New York State has a
program that is truly a model for the nation.
Posted by NYPIRG on November 25, 2019 at 6:29 am
Thanksgiving
is the kick off of the holiday shopping season.
It’s a time when many adults look for gifts for children. And while the holidays are a time for fun and
giving, it is important that it gift givers keep safety in mind when shopping
for kids.
A
recent survey of toys found that some posed health and safety threats to
children. Among the toys surveyed were
examples of choking and excessive noise hazards and toys with potentially
hazardous concentrations of toxins. The
continued presence of these hazards in toys highlights the need for constant
vigilance on the part of government agencies and the public to ensure that
children do not end up playing with unsafe toys.
For more than 30 years, the
United States Public Interest Research Group’s (USPIRG) Trouble in Toyland has called for stringent toy safety guidelines
and has provided examples of toys currently on store shelves that pose
potential safety hazards to young children.
Here are some important
things to keep in mind as you gift shop for children. Beware of small parts choking hazards, if you
want to test to see if a toy or a part of a toy is too small, see if it fits
inside a toilet paper roll, if so, it’s not appropriate for small
children. Uninflated balloons should
be kept away from kids under eight and popped balloons should not be left
around. If an action figure, toy gun or
other toy produces loud sounds, it can hurt a child’s hearing. Test the toy by holding it near your ear and if
it’s too loud for you, it’s too loud for your child. You can remove the batteries, put tape over
the speaker, or decrease the volume.
Sculpture kits or puzzles may include powerful magnets that
can seriously injure children if ingested. Also, toys marketed to adults may be a hazard in the hands
of children. For example, fidget spinners may not meet the same safety
standards as other toys because they are primarily designed with adults in
mind, though they can still be marketed directly or indirectly to children.
Despite
recent progress in making toys safer, the report highlighted the need for
continued attention to shortcomings in existing standards and vigilance on the
part of the shopping public. To keep
children safe from potentially hazardous toys, there is still more to do.
- Examine
toys carefully for hazards before purchase – and don’t trust that they are safe
just because they are on a store shelf or available online.
- Report
unsafe toys or toy-related injuries to the CPSC at www.saferproducts.gov.
- Subscribe
to government announcements of recalled products at www.recalls.gov.
For toys already owned:
- Remove
small batteries if there is any question over their security or accessibility
and keep them out of reach of children;
- Remove
batteries from or tape over the speakers of toys you already own that are too
loud; and
- Put
small parts, or toys broken into small parts, out of reach. Regularly check that toys appropriate for your
older children are not left within reach of younger children who still put
things in their mouths.
While
it’s important for parents and other adults to shop smart, there are steps that
New York can take to protect children from dangerous products. One example is a bill that passed both houses
of the Legislature and awaits action by the governor.
The legislation is
designed to promote the removal of the most dangerous toxic chemicals—those
either known or suspected of causing cancer, reproductive injuries or
interfering with children’s development—from everyday children’s products and to
steer industry towards safe substitution.
The
bill passed at the end of April with overwhelming bipartisan support, but the
governor has not yet acted on the bill.
Advocates hope that with the holiday season looming, the governor will
finally approve the legislation.
Until
then adults should be on guard when it comes to purchasing toys. In order to view the full Trouble in Toyland
report go to www.nypirg.org. Parents can
find a list of unsafe toys, as well as tips for safe toy shopping this holiday
season, at toysafetytips.org. Have a
happy and safe holiday season.
Posted by NYPIRG on November 18, 2019 at 9:05 am
Antibiotics save lives and are critical tools for treating a number of common and more serious infections, like those that can lead to sepsis. However, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least 30% of the antibiotics in U.S. outpatient settings are prescribed unnecessarily. Any time antibiotics are used, they can lead to antibiotic resistance, a growing and urgent threat to the public’s health.
According to the CDC, antibiotic-resistant
bacteria are most prevalent in environments associated with high antibiotic
use: healthcare settings, the general community, and in livestock production. Antibiotic resistance can spread from person
to person, from animal to person, via the natural environment or contaminated
food and from bacteria to bacteria. Some
bacteria have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, making them
especially difficult to treat, and thus very dangerous and sometimes deadly. Common infectious diseases such as tuberculosis,
pneumonia, blood poisoning, food poisoning, and gonorrhea have already become
harder and sometimes impossible to treat due to multidrug-resistant bacteria.
The problem of antibiotics-resistance is not just one found in the
United States, it is a worldwide problem.
And worldwide problems demand global responses.
This week the United States, in coordination with nations across
the world, are focusing in educating the health care providers, policymakers,
and the public on the growing threat posed by antibiotic resistant infections,
also known as “superbugs.”
Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria develop the ability to
defeat the drugs designed to kill them. Each
year in the United States, more than 2.8 million infections from bacteria that
are resistant to antibiotics occur and more than 35,000 people die as a direct
result. Many more die from complications
from antibiotic-resistant infections.
A study commissioned by
the U.K. government predicts that if action is not taken now to combat antibiotic
resistance,by 2050 the annual death toll will have risen to 10 million globally.
The situation is getting
worse with the emergence of new bacterial strains resistant to several
antibiotics at the same time (known as multidrug-resistant bacteria). Such
bacteria may eventually become resistant to all existing antibiotics.
Without antibiotics, the world could return to the “pre-antibiotic era”, when
organ transplants, cancer chemotherapy, intensive care and other medical
procedures would no longer be possible. Bacterial
diseases would spread and could no longer be treated, causing death.
There is hope. Data from European agencies show that
interventions can work. Medical data
shows that Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands have low rates of
“superbugs,” but that there are higher rates in Southern Europe. Countries with lower resistance rates have
generally lower use of antibiotics, while countries with higher antibiotic
resistance rates use more antibiotics.
One area of antibiotic misuse is relatively simple to address: use
on farms. Nearly two-thirds of
antibiotics that are important for human medicine are currently sold for use in
livestock, not people. These drugs are routinely given as poor compensation for
inappropriate diets and the stressful, crowded and unsanitary conditions on
industrial feedlots. This practice hastens the spread of antibiotic resistance
in bacteria and increases the risk of drug-resistant infections in people.
When antibiotics are
given to food-producing animals, they kill most of the bacteria in them. The
resistant bacteria, however, survive and can contaminate animal products during
slaughtering and processing. They can also contaminate fruits and vegetables
via contaminated soil or water, especially when animal manure is used as
fertilizer. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can contaminate food prepared on
germ-filled surfaces and the environment via animal feces. According to the
CDC, approximately 1 in 5 antibiotic-resistant infections are caused by germs
from food and animals.
However, awareness weeks
are only as good as the change they produce.
It is clear from the Scandinavian experiences that policies can
significantly reduce the rise of “superbugs”: policies that focus on
cleanliness in health care settings, a reliance on antibiotic use in humans
only when medically necessary, and a drastic reduction in use on farm
animals. The most obvious way to reduce
use among farm animals is for veterinarians to stop the use of antibiotics on
healthy farm animals.
This is a worldwide
problem, unless the rise of “superbugs” can be stopped, the next generation
will be faced with a world without effective antibiotics, one in which
illnesses like urinary tract infections will be untreatable, leaving people to
suffer and perhaps die, from infections easily treatable today.
Posted by NYPIRG on November 11, 2019 at 8:29 am
New York State’s campaign financing system has been
notorious – sky-high contributions that allow the wealthy and powerful to legally
donate over $100,000; ineffective enforcement; loopholes galore and inadequate
disclosures. The result? Scandals. Most recently the convictions of big donors
and top-ranking state officials in an incredible scheme that rigged government
contracts for big campaign donors.
The lousy system is not something new – for decades, blue
ribbon commissions, federal prosecutors, and experts have roundly criticized
New York’s campaign financing practices and its anemic laws.
And for decades Governors and state lawmakers have pledged
to fix the system, only to complain that partisan gridlock blocked necessary
reforms.
New York City’s experience, on the other hand, was
different. In the 1980s, it too
experienced stunning levels of corruption.
But a politically unified city government coupled with public outrage yielded
the creation of a system of public financing that shifted the emphasis away
from raising money from special interests who write big checks to getting small
donations that are amplified by public matching funds. New York City’s program is now considered a
model for the nation.
After the 2018 election, Democrats took firm control of the
state government when they won a working majority of seats in the state senate. Governor Cuomo had regularly advanced
legislation to create a voluntary system of public financing modeled on the New
York City program. The new Democratic Senate
majority had also pledged to support establishing a New York City-style
system. The Assembly had approved
legislation creating a New York City-style system regularly for years since the
1980s. Reform seemed like a done deal.
But something happened.
Democrats’ great enthusiasm for public financing evaporated during the
first half of the legislative session.
Eventually, instead of directly voting to adopt a New York City-style
system, the governor and the legislative leaders established a commission
empowered to create a public financing system in New York State. The legislation was approved at the end of
March and this new Commission was charged with releasing its plan by December 1st
of this year, giving the group only eight months to get its work completed.
But the games continued.
The leaders made no appointments to the commission until early July,
thus cutting the timetable to a mere five months. The commission had no staff, few resources
and couldn’t pull off its first meeting until late August.
Now the timetable was cut to 3 months.
The commission then wasted its time publicly debating
whether to curtail the involvement of minor parties in elections. The commission is now down to a few precious
weeks to get its monumental work completed.
You would think that under the circumstances the Commission
would focus on a program that has had a three-decade track record of success. A program that already exists in New York
State. The commission could then focus
on how best to scale it up to a statewide program.
But you would be
wrong.
Instead, the commission seems to want to develop a system
very different from New York City’s. At
its most recent meeting, the commission approved an outline of a program that would
diverge from the New York City model by prohibiting public financing matches
for out-of-district. Instead, in-district
contributions would be matched up to $250 according to a tier of ratios: the
first $50 at 12:1, the next $100 at 9:1, and the next $100 at 8:1.
This untried, complicated system is being cooked up with
less than three weeks to go. It almost
seems like they are doing all they can to develop a program too flawed to
succeed.
This has happened before.
In 2014, the governor rushed through a campaign financing change that
covered only the Comptroller’s race. The program was so flawed that the Comptroller
did not choose to participate and his opponent couldn’t meet the complicated
standards.
Why is the commission operating this way? Since so much of what they do is done in
secret, it’s hard to know. But it’s safe
to say that the governor and the legislative leaders are comfortable with the
ways things are going.
New Yorkers, on the other hand, should not be. New York’s corrupt campaign financing system
needs drastic change. If the unelected commission
fails to make it happen, New Yorkers should look to the actions of the governor
and the legislature before, during, and after the commission acts. It is their leadership that should be under
scrutiny.